Why in News
Researchers studied the Chennai Metro microbiome using surface swabs and genetic sequencing, identifying microbial communities and antimicrobial-resistance genes.
Prelims Pointers
- A microbiome comprises microorganisms and their genetic material in a particular environment.
- All microorganisms are not disease-causing.
- Metagenomics analyses genetic material directly from a mixed sample, without requiring every organism to be cultured separately.
- Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) occurs when microorganisms no longer respond effectively to antimicrobial medicines.
- One Health recognises the links between human, animal and environmental health. Resistant organisms can move between these settings.
Prelims Traps
- “Antibiotic use in livestock cannot contribute to resistance affecting humans.” This is incorrect. Livestock antibiotic use and incorrect antibiotic doses can contribute to resistance. (UPSC Prelims 2019)
- “Biofilms form only on living tissues.” This is incorrect. They can form on medical implants and food-processing surfaces, and can exhibit antibiotic resistance. (UPSC Prelims 2022)
- “Aerial metagenomics sequences only the genomes of birds.” This is incorrect. It collects and analyses DNA present in air. (UPSC Prelims 2023)